drama

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A Format Shaped for One Hand: Duanju Where It Began

The account of Chinese short drama starts with a viewing format rather than a firm. “Short drama” is the literal translation of duanju, a word that describes upright series shot at 9:16 for a phone gripped in one hand. Episodes run between one and two minutes, and a single title normally runs to 20 to 100 installments. A dependable stock of premises drives the stories: billionaire and CEO romance, revenge, identity reveals and family strife. A complete episode has to register before the viewer’s thumb swipes away, https://www.reelshorts.org/ so it helps a great deal that each of those premises can be grasped in seconds. Commercially speaking, the format resolves a question that regular television hardly ever had to ask: how does one sell a story in fragments small enough to price one at a time. Microdrama, vertical drama and mobile drama are among the other labels under which English-speaking audiences now encounter the same product. This pay-per-piece logic threads through every stage of the chronology that follows.

2020: The NRTA Gives the Genre Official Standing

Administrative rather than commercial: that is how to describe the earliest milestone. In 2020, China’s regulator, the NRTA, formally recognized duanju as a genre. That step carries more weight than it might seem: recognition turns a shapeless category of online clips into something that can be classified, counted and supervised. Later statistics about the sector can be compared at all only because a named genre can be tracked from one year to the next. Commercial success was not assured by any of this, and for a young industry, a regulator’s attention can cut both ways. It did, however, shift short drama from the fringes of online video toward the status of an industry with its own data. A sector sizable enough to be measured against the country’s movie theaters was what that data showed four years later.

2024: Short Drama Earns More Than the Box Office

The figures from inside China for 2024 are the clearest measure of how far the format had come. According to figures made public in mid-2025, short drama revenue in China hit 50.5 billion yuan, or about $7 billion. It marked the first time the sector out-earned China’s box office: a symbolic crossover for an industry made of one- and two-minute episodes. Estimates placed the viewership that year at 662 million viewers. Over the same twelve months, producers released more than 30,000 titles. A business releasing tens of thousands of titles a year is testing concepts at scale, so this volume tells as much about the industry’s makeup as the revenue does. It also suggests fierce competition, since every one of those titles is fighting for the same few minutes of a viewer’s day. By 2024, however, several Chinese-linked companies were already selling the same model abroad, because the overseas push had not waited for this milestone.

Going Abroad: The Chinese-Linked Apps Powering the Export Wave

ReelShort came first out of the gate, going live in August 2022. The app’s operator is Crazy Maple Studio of Sunnyvale, California, a studio supported by China-based COL Group. In April 2023 DramaBox arrived, made by Beijing Dianzhong Technology and owned by the developer’s Singapore subsidiary, StoryMatrix. GoodShort appeared in June 2023 under Singapore New Reading Technology, reportedly linked to Beijing New Reading Times, although that parent link rests on a weaker source. Jiuzhou Culture introduced ShortTV for the United States, Canada and Australia, together with 99TV for Southeast Asia. The evidence suggests ShortMax is the same app under a different name, although no rename has been officially announced. DramaWave, published through Kunlun Tech’s Skywork AI business, was the company’s entry in September 2024, and its FreeReels app topped global downloads in the first quarter of 2026, according to Sensor Tower. What recurs is a Western-facing entity in California, Singapore or Hong Kong fronting a business whose capital or parentage goes back to China. Most of that corporate map is invisible to people who watch dramas online in English: all they notice is a vertical streaming service with a free opening and a paywall.

Company behind it Service Link to China Launch date
Crazy Maple Studio (Sunnyvale, California) ReelShort Supported by China-based COL Group August 2022
StoryMatrix Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) DramaBox A Singapore subsidiary of Beijing Dianzhong Technology April 2023
Singapore New Reading Technology Pte. Ltd. GoodShort Reportedly a part of Beijing New Reading Times June 2023
SHORTTV LIMITED (Hong Kong) ShortTV / ShortMax Jiuzhou Culture; the two names appear to be one app September 2023
SKYWORK AI PTE LTD DramaWave Part of Kunlun Tech’s Skywork AI business September 2024
Kunlun Tech FreeReels Kunlun Tech app Not confirmed; highest global downloads in Q1 2026
Holywater (founded in Kyiv, 2020) My Drama None at all; Fox Entertainment stake since October 2025 Spring 2024

Dubbed Imports vs. Western Originals

What to fill the apps with became the strategic question as soon as they existed. Jiuzhou’s answer, as reported by China Daily in January 2024, drew heavily on its home catalogue. Of more than 600 mini-dramas it had produced for overseas markets, about 80 percent were dubbed Chinese adaptations and 20 percent were original overseas productions. The same report set the cost of a 70-episode series at $100,000 to $150,000. Dubbing extends the life of titles that have already been paid for, so it makes obvious sense for a company with a rich domestic library. Western originals reach the audience without a translation layer, but they are more expensive, with TheWrap quoting $150,000 to $300,000 per series shot in eight to ten days. That audience is well defined: TheWrap reported in October 2024 that about 75 percent of ReelShort’s users were women and about half were in the US. Titles such as Fake Dating My Rich Nemesis appear in the library of DramaBox, which runs a production team in Los Angeles. Most prominently, Holywater shows that the originals market has also drawn in companies without Chinese roots; its My Drama app received an equity investment from Fox Entertainment in October 2025, along with a Fox commitment to produce more than 200 vertical titles over two years.

2025 and 2026: What Market Trackers Report

Multiple research firms were tracking the overseas business by 2025, and their estimates differ in revealing ways. Sensor Tower pegged worldwide in-app revenue for short-drama apps at about $700 million in the first quarter of 2025, with the United States accounting for 49 percent, or roughly $350 million. Different reports of the same dataset quote slightly different totals, but for the full year Sensor Tower’s data puts in-app revenue at about $2.8 billion to $3 billion, up roughly 115 percent. Taking a wider view, Omdia puts total microdrama revenue at $11 billion in 2025, $3 billion of it earned outside China, and projects $14 billion by the end of 2026. In 2026, Omdia also projects the US to reach $1.5 billion, half of all revenue outside China. In estimates reported in August 2026, Media Partners Asia placed revenue outside China at $2.7 billion for 2025, $3.6 billion for 2026 and $9.5 billion by 2031. ReelShort’s revenue comes to $785 million in 2025 by MPA’s estimate, and MPA projects $1.05 billion in 2026, with about $40 million in net profit. The most revealing figures for this timeline are MPA’s market-share estimates: ReelShort at about 29 percent outside China, followed by DramaBox at 21 percent, DramaWave at 13 percent and GoodShort at 6 percent, for a combined share of roughly 69 percent for four apps with Chinese links.

Reading the Timeline Into the Future

Put the milestones end to end and a number of patterns become clear. Omdia’s figures imply that most microdrama revenue in 2025 was earned inside China, which gives the first pattern: the overseas business still looks modest beside its origin. The second pattern is that growth is likely slowing, as Sensor Tower puts the first quarter of 2026 at about $750 million, up 20 percent year over year, after triple-digit growth across 2025. The race at the top has tightened as well, with DramaBox and ReelShort each earning about $140 million in that quarter. Monetization has settled into a familiar shape: for apps including ReelShort, ShortMax, DramaWave, GoodShort and My Drama, a weekly VIP pass costs about $19.99 in the US App Store as of September 2026, although prices vary by country, platform and promotion. DramaWave, whose annualized revenue topped $700 million by the second quarter of 2026, reportedly produces more than 80 percent of its new releases with AI, so production is the area most likely to change next. Whether dubbed imports, Western originals or AI output take the next phase, the product is still the one duanju producers built at home: a story sold a minute at a time.

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